Archive for August 4th, 2009

Found on Cannabis Culture

Irish Examiner

The war on drugs has not reduced the production, trafficking, availability or use of drugs, a massive study by the European Commission has found.

The research project said the prices of drugs have fallen significantly in western Europe despite massive efforts at law enforcement.

The commission said drug prohibition has inflicted “substantial harms”, including the creation of lucrative black markets, as well as inflicting political stability in certain countries and worsening levels of violence.

It does not say drug prohibition should end but said lessons needed to be learned about which policies work and which do not.

“The world drugs problem seems to be more or less in the same state as in 1998,” said the commission.

“If anything, the situation has become more complex: prices for drugs in most Western countries have fallen since 1998 by as much as 10%-30%, despite tougher sentencing of sellers.

“At the same time, there is no evidence that drugs have become more difficult to obtain. Cannabis use has become a ‘normal’ part of young people’s lives in many Western countries.”

It said up to 50% of people born after 1980 have at least tried it, but the majority do not continue to use it beyond early adulthood.

The Global Illicit Drug Markets Report 1998 to 2007 issued a series of sobering conclusions:

* There is “no evidence” that the global drug problem has reduced.

* There is a “lack of evidence” that controls (crop eradication, seizures and arrests) can reduce total global production or trafficking.

* Little is spent on prevention and existing programmes have little effect.

“We think that drug policy had no more than a marginal positive influence. Production and trafficking controls only redistributed activities [between countries],” said the report.

“Enforcement against local markets failed in most countries to prevent continued availability at lower prices. Treatment reduced harms both of dependant users and of society without reducing the prevalence of drug use.

“What this study is saying is that the ‘war on drugs’ approach, the attempt to remove drugs, is clearly not a success,” said criminologist Johnny Connolly, linked to the Health Research Board.

“It’s saying we must look at sustainable policies, that involve partnership between voluntary, community and state and combine law enforcement with harm reduction.”

One Company Hopes a Marijuana Lozenge Will Garner FDA Approval – but Will It Work?

abcnews.com

When most people think of swine flu, they probably don’t think of marijuana. But then again, most people aren’t Robert Melamede.

He and his company, Cannabis Science, hope to one day make marijuana available nationwide to kids and teens — as well as adults — in the form of a medicinal throat lozenge.

While medical marijuana has garnered a great deal of attention lately in helping patients deal with chronic pain, Melamede has another application in mind; he believes it can curb death risk from the swine flu.

The approach relies on the principle that the chemicals in marijuana known as cannabinoids have a dampening effect on the immune system. Melamede said doctors may be able to take advantage of this effect to curb the risk of death from the immune system overdrive that resulted in many of the deaths of young adults during the 1918 influenza pandemic — a scenario that some worry could occur once more if swine flu were to become more virulent.

It’s a controversial approach — and few infectious disease experts believe health officials will be quick to approve marijuana prescriptions for sick kids. Dr. Len Horovitz, a pulmonary specialist at Lenox Hill Hospital in New York City, is one expert who is troubled by the implications of “giving out THC like water.”

“I don’t think many parents would want their kids ‘on drugs’ for a mild, flu-like illness,” he said, “and it’s sure to raise hackles with the anti-drug people.”

Still, Cannabis Science, an emerging pharmaceutical cannabis company of which Melamede is president and CEO, is working on an edible form of medicinal marijuana that its officials think will help treat many infectious diseases, swine flu included. Last month, the company announced its intention to apply to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration’s fast track approval process in the hope of making its anti-flu lozenge available for a possible second wave of swine flu.

Melamede said he has already tried the approach himself. In February, when he contracted a nasty flu — a bout he suspects was related to the H1N1 swine flu virus — he said he took medicinal marijuana to help his body fight it off.

Can Cannabis Help Swine Flu Sufferers?

The concentrated cannabis lozenge was an idea pioneered by Steve Kubby, who, up until two weeks ago, was himself the president and CEO of Cannabis Science. He, too, said he has self-tested his lozenge.

“Within half an hour of taking it, my runny nose, aching muscles and throat congestion are all significantly relieved,” Kubby said, adding that users of the lozenge will not get the “high” or “stoned” effects that come with smoking marijuana.

Though Kubby and the company parted ways over “financial differences,” new CEO Melamede is pushing forward on this idea with even more vigor.

“Contemporary antiviral medical technology is currently inadequate to meet the world’s immediate challenges,” Melamede said in a press release issued last week. “We believe that cannabis extract-based medicines can reduce influenza deaths.”

Getting Your Immune System to ‘Chill Out’

The fact that smoking marijuana suppresses your immune system has been known for years, but it wasn’t until recently that researchers began to realize that this suppression could be a good thing.

When you catch the flu, your immune system launches a massive attack on the virus that causes excessive inflammation. This is where the runny nose, sore throat and achiness come from.

While it is necessary for fighting off the virus, this overwhelming inflammation can start to kill your own cells and, if it gets out of hand, it can lead to organ failure and death.

When inflammation goes off the handle, the body releases endocannabinoids, which are natural chemicals that suppress the immune system, taking down the inflammation before it does more harm than good. This endocannabinoid system, as it’s called, is one of the many systems responsible for maintaining balance and health in the body.

In more severe strains of the flu, like avian flu, the endocannabinoid system can’t always keep up. When this happens, the organs, particularly the lungs, fail.

“They die not from the virus itself but from their own immune response,” Melamede said.

Curbing Immune Response With Cannabis

This is where, according to Cannabis Science, marijuana comes in. Because the marijuana plant contains natural, plant-based cannabinoids, called phytocannabinoids, giving cannabis to someone with the flu supplements their body’s endocannabinoid system and helps take down the inflammation.

But could it work for swine flu? Though the current and ex-CEO might not meet eye to eye on many things right now, both feel that the potential for using marijuana for serious strains of the flu, like H1N1, is enormous.

“It’s such a changeable virus that vaccines might not work,” Kubby said. “But changing the way our bodies respond to the virus [with cannabis] does work.”

Marijuana for Flu Puts Experts Out of Joint

While marijuana’s anti-inflammatory properties are widely accepted as a treatment for glaucoma or arthritis, its use as an antiviral raises eyebrows even among pot-friendly physicians.

“Though it may have some antiviral effects, these have not been proven scientifically,” says Dr. David Allen, a chest surgeon and cannabinoid research scientist from California.

Even if suppressing the immune system were the key to fighting off the ravages of swine flu, Horovitz points out, “there are many other immune modulators already on the market that are not derived from illegal substances.”

Dr. Peter Katona, a member of the FDA’s advisory committee on new antibiotics, shares the apprehension, saying, “I must be skeptical until there is more data”.

And given that parents, not to mention the federal government’s war on drugs, are trying to get kids to “just say no” to marijuana, Melamede’s company could face an uphill climb. To get the FDA on board with giving an illicit substance to kids, Cannabis Science will likely be forced to put forth a pretty compelling case for the drug’s potential.

Coming to a Pharmacy Near You?

Still, since Steve Kubby left the company two weeks ago, Cannabis Science has gone into marketing overdrive, publicizing its “talks” with the FDA and broadcasting the company as a hope for the shaky future of the swine flu pandemic.

When asked about this publicity, Kubby said he finds it “damaging to the mission” and feels that Cannabis Science is “not playing by the rules.”

Mary Ruwart, who also recently left the company, thinks that Cannabis Science might be putting the cart before the horse. The preliminary studies required to apply for FDA clinical trials take months to complete, she said, and “since these studies were not even on the drawing board when I left three weeks ago, they cannot have been completed.”

Kubby plans to continue his work on the lozenge, which he claimed he has the exclusive rights to.

“It’s a mystery to me how they think they are going to use this technology,” he said.

Melamede maintained that the rights are the property of the company and hence are his to develop. Either way, both men will move forward with the technology in the coming months, but it will be a couple years — if at all — before edible products like the cannabis lozenge make it through the FDA’s clinical trials.

Whether marijuana will make the shift from being smoked in the parking lot of the corner drugstore to gracing its shelves remains unknown.

Kubby noted that the lozenge is a special formulation that acts differently in the body than inhaled marijuana.

One thing, however, is clear: Smoking marijuana likely will do much more harm than good if you happen to have a respiratory infection — not to mention that smoking anything is damaging to someone with flu-related respiratory ills.

As Horovitz put it, “No doctor in his right mind would tell a flu patient to go smoke a joint.

AFP

PARIS — Researchers said they had pinpointed the biochemical pathway by which cannabis causes memory loss in mice.

The discovery could help open the way to drugs that have marijuana’s desired pain-killing properties but without its amnesic side effects, according to the paper, published in the journal Nature Neuroscience.

It has long been known that cannabis produces memory loss by acting on the hippocampus, the region in the brain that governs most of our cognitive functions.

But whether that impact was long-term or lasted only during the drug’s use, as well as how the drug acted biochemically, has been intensely debated.

Rafael Maldonado and and Andres Ozaita at Pompeu Fabra University in Barcelona believe they can help answer both questions.

The scientists first created a new measure of cognitive impairment so that they could easily assess the impact of cannabis use on memory in normal mice.

Marijuana’s active ingredient, THC, acts on cannabinoid receptor neurons called CB1. While found in several locations within the brain, there are two concentrations of CB1-type cells in the hippocampus.

To explore how each of these neural networks might affect memory loss, the researchers created two groups of genetically modified mice, each missing the CB1 receptors in either of the two regions.

The rodents were then injected with doses of THC equivalent to “heavy use” of marijuana in humans.

One of the groups reacted in the well-known forgetful fashion when required to do memory tests.

The other mouse group — whose CB1 had been removed from the so-called GABAergic neurons — was unaffected by the drug.

“Not only were the behavioural effects abolished, the biochemical responses that are directly responsible for the amnesic-like effect were abolished too,” Maldonado said in a phone interview.

This should make it possible to develop a molecule that will produce cannabis’ positive effect without affecting the GABAergic brain cells that govern memory, he said by phone.

The research also showed that administering cannabis leads to a change in the way that proteins are manufactured in the affected part of the brain.

“This is crucial, because a change in protein synthesis means a long-term change, this is not something that will just disappear the next day,” he said.

Just how long memory might be degraded is unknown, he added.

“These are not permanent changes, even if they are long-term. People who are using cannabis therapeutically should not be worried,” he said.

Maldonado refused to give an opinion about the impact for recreational users of marijuana, though.

Despite its ambiguous legal status, marijuana is used in several countries, especially the United States, as an analgesic for patients with cancer, glaucoma, HIV/AIDS and other conditions causing pain or discomfort.

Unlike illegal marijuana, so-called medical marijuana comes from an identified source in which levels of THC are known and monitored.